History and Physical Examination. Screening and Case Finding. PSG and Cardiorespiratory Monitoring. Upper Airway Imaging. Alertness and Sleepiness Assessment. CPAP. Bilevel Pressure and Adaptive Servo-Ventilation for Obstructive and Complex Sleep Apnea. Auto- Positive Airway Pressure. Critical Factors in Positive Pressure Therapy. Noninvasive Positive Ventilation. Upper Airway Surgery in the Adult. Oral Appliances. Adjunctive and Alternative Therapies. Gender Differences. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Elderly. Medication Effects. Snoring and Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS). Central Sleep Apnea. Other Respiratory Conditions and Disorders. Other Sleep Disorders. Neurologic Disorders. Medical Disorders. Legal Implications of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. A Concluding Note and Future Directions